BIRDING SULAWESI

Wednesday, July 30, 2025

Birding in North Sulawesi of Indonesia

Sulawesi is a tropical island in the Republic of Indonesia. Geographically, it is located in the trasitional zone between the continent of Asia and the continent of Australia.

Sulawesi Hanging Parrot

According to burung.org website, as of 2024, Sulawesi has got the highest endemic birds in Indonesia with 169 species. As a comparison, we could see the number of endemic birds in 7 avifauna regions of Indonesia below:

Sulawesi: 169 species
Maluku: 126 species
Nusa Tenggara: 108 species
Java and Bali: 80 species
Papua: 71 species
Sumatra: 56 species
Kalimantan: 6 species

It is not surprising to see that Sulawesi has become one of the most popular birdwatching destinations for visitors who travel to Indonesia. There are a number of birding sites in Sulawesi.

North Sulawesi Province:

Mount Mahawu higher montane forest, and Sonder farm forest are 2 important sites in Minahasa Peninsula that have got a lot of tropical birds that are endemic to Sulawesi. Some of them include: Scaly-breasted Kingfisher, Sulawesi Pitta, Sulawesi Blue Flycatcher, Sulawesi Myzomela, Sulawesi Hanging Parrot, Pygmy Hanging Parrot, Pygmy Woodpecker, Gray-sided Flowerpecker, Yellow-sided Flowerpecker, Crimson-crowned Flowerpecker, Sulawesi Bush Warbler, Pale Blue Monarch, Ashy Woodpecker, Yellow-billed Malkoha, and a lot more.
Tangkoko is the site in Minahasa Peninsula that is suitable not only for birdwatching but also for wildlife watching. Birds that can be watched in this nature reserve are the ones that live in lowland forest, lower montane forest, coastal area and mangrove forest. They include Green-backed Kingfisher, Lilac-cheeked Kingfisher, Sulawesi Dwarf Kingfisher, and etc.. Sulawesi Bear Cuscus, Celebes-crested Macaque and Gursky's Spectral Tarsier are some of the mammals that could be seen in Tangkoko.

Gursky's Spectral Tarsier

Mount Ambang is a higher montane forest area in North Sulawesi Province of Indonesia that is the habitat of Matinan Flycatcher. Tambun Maleo Sanctuary. Manado city is the capital of the province. It is also the entry point for visitors who are interested birding in this region.

South Sulawesi Province: Karaenta, Ramang-ramang, Malino.
Central Sulawesi Province: Lore Lindu National Park
Gorontalo Province: Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park (whose territory also covers the forest area of Bolaang Mongondow regency in North Sulawesi province)

Birdwatchers usually use 8×42 mm, 10×42 mm, or 10×50 mm binoculars with such brands as Nikon, Swarovski, Leica, Bushnell and etc. They may also bring a spotting scope that is mounted on a tripod.

A lot of species of birds could be watched and photographed in Sulawesi. They include:

Sulawesi Blue Flycatcher
Sulawesi Myzomela
Warbling White-eye
Black-crowned White-eye
Ashy Woodpecker
Sulawesi Pygmy Woodpecker
Ashy Woodpecker
Sulawesi Leaf Warbler
Sulawesi Bush Warbler
Knobbed Hornbill
Sulawesi Hornbill
Yellow-billed Malkoha
Sulawesi Brush Cuckoo
Scaly-breasted Kingfisher
Collared Kingfisher
Sulawesi Lilac Kingfisher
Green-backed Kingfisher
Great-billed Kingfisher
Ruddy Kingfisher
Sulawesi Dwarf Kingfisher
Purple-bearded Bee-eater
Blue-tailed Bee-eater
Crimson-crowned Flowerpecker
Gray-sided Flowerpecker
Yellow-sided Flowerpecker
Sulawesi Hanging Parrot
Pygmy Hanging Parrot
Yellow-cheeked Lorikeet
Golden-mantled Racquet-tail
Yellow-breasted Racquet-tail (also called Minahasa Racquet-tail)
Sahul Sunbird
Brown-throated Sunbird
Crimson Sunbird
Black Sunbird
White-necked Myna
Sulawesi Myna
Green Imperial Pigeon
Gray-cheeked Green Pigeon
Black-naped Fruit Dove
White-breasted Woodswallow
Ivory-backed Woodswallow
Sulawesi Cuckoo-dove (Macropygia doreya albicapilla)
Black-naped Oriole
Chestnut Munia
Scaly-breasted Munia
Black-faced Munia
and etc.

As a tourist guide, we could organize a birdwatching/ photography tour for visitors who are interested in birding and photography tour in this part of Indonesia. If you are interested in taking this tour whether as an individual or as a group, please, contact me by whatsapp to: +6281332245180 or by email to: peace4wp@gmail.com.

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Tuesday, July 22, 2025

Sonder Tours in Minahasa Peninsula of North Sulawesi

Sonder is a small subdistrict town in Minahasa highland of North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. It is surrounded by hills, rivers, waterfalls, paddy fields, farmland and forest. This short article provides info about tours in Sonder which visitors can enjoy during their trip in Indonesia.

Trekking tour in Sonder town of Minahasa highland

Hiking Tour in Sonder of Minahasa Regency

Trekking tour across the hills and valleys is an interesting activity which visitors could enjoy to see the beautiful landscape of Minahasa. Farm Tour - Most of the Minahasan people who live in Sonder are farmers. They cultivate their land and plant them with various kinds of food crops such as rice, corn, sweet potatoes, red beans, peanuts, coconut, and etc.

While enjoying the walk through the agricultural land, we could see farmers plowing, planting, or harvesting food crops in their farm fields. The houses of local villagers are often covered by concrete floor to enable them to dry grains such as peanuts, red bean, rice and corn. Most farmers still do manual works in their farms. Some of them buy hand tractors, and milling machines which very important in cultivating their land, and processing their agricultural produce.

The farm forest of Sonder is the habitat of a lot of species of butterflies and moths, beetle and dragonfly.

Butterfly watching Tour - Some of the butterflies that we could see include: The Clipper, Manado Yellow Tiger Butterfly, Common Birdwing, Blanchard's Ghost, Blanchard's Wood Nymph, Lime Swallowtail, Celebes-banded Swallowtail, The Great Orange Tip, and etc.

Celebes-banded Swallowtail

Birdwatching Tour - In addition to butterflies, the farm forest of Sonder is the habitat of a lot of species of birds such as

Sulawesi Cuckoo-dove,

Green Imperial Pigeon,

Superb Fruit-dove,

Zebra Dove,

Gray-cheeked Green Pigeon,

Yellow-billed Malkoha,

Sulawesi Hanging Parrot,

Pygmy Hanging Parrot,

Ashy Woodpecker,

Sulawesi Pygmy Woodpecker,

Pale Blue Monarch,

Sulawesi Cuckoo-dove,

Sulawesi Blue Flycatcher,

Snowy-browed Flycatcher,

Crimson-crowned Flowerpecker,

Yellow-sided Flowerpecker,

Gray-sided Flowerpecker,

Sahul Sunbird,

Crimson Sunbird,

Brown-throated Sunbird,

Black Sunbird,

Black-naped Oriole,

Scaly-breasted Munia,

Chestnut Munia,

Black-faced Munia,

Hair-crested Drongo (white-eyed),

Sulawesi Drongo,

Sooty-headed Bulbul,

Finch-billed Myna,

Sulawesi-crested Myna,

Barred Rail,

Buff-banded Rail,

White-browed Crake

Purple Heron,

Sulawesi Crow,

Cattle Egret,

Little Egret,

Purple Heron,

Brahminy Kite,

Black Kite,

Sulawesi Goshawk,

and etc.

Pale Blue Monarch

Birdwatchers in Sonder of Minahasa

To watch birds, visitors need to bring 8×42 mm, 10×42 mm or 10×50 mm binoculars manufactured by Swarovski, Leica, Nikon or Olympus. Those who like to take pictures could bring point and shoot cameras such as Nikon P1000, Canon SX70HS, Sony Cybershot RX20 IV.

Birdwatching and photo tour in Minahasa highland with a Dutch tourist.

Bird Photography Trip in Lake Linow of North Sulawesi

Where is Sonder and how to go there?

Sonder is a small subdistrict town that is located in Minahasa regency of Indonesia. It can be reached by car from Manado city for approximately 1 hour.

Car route between Manado city and Sonder

Foreign visitors need to fly to one of the major cities in Indonesia and then continue their trip by planes to Manado city. There are daily flights between Manado city and major cities in Indonesia served by Lion Air, Super Airjet, Batik Air, Garuda Indonesia, and Wings Air. There are also international direct flights between Singapore and Manado city by Scoot Air, and between Guangzhou and Manado city by TransNusa and China Southern Airlines.

flight routes between Manado city and major cities in Indonesia

Flights to Manado city

Accommodation

There are homestays in Sonder for visitors who want to spend several days in Sonder. There are also hotels in the nearby Tomohon town for visitors who are traveling in bigger groups.

If you are interested in taking a tour in Subdistrict Sonder of Minahasa highland, please, contact us by email to: peace4wp@gmail.com or by whatsapp to: +6281332245180.

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Wednesday, July 16, 2025

Butterfly watching and Birdwatching in Manado city of North Sulawesi

A few days ago I guided Carolyn, a visitor from the United States on a butterfly watching and birding tour in Manado city of North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. We started at around 10:00 in the morning by walking along the farm forest that was filled with coconut trees, lime trees, aren trees and a lot of other tropical plants that grow along the side of a small stream. We saw various species of butterflies and birds.

Ideopsis vitrea

For butterflies, there were The Clipper (Parthenos sylvia), Lime Swallowtail (Papilio demoleus), Common Birdwing (Troides helena), Blanchard's Ghost (Idea blanchardii), Blanchard's Tree Nymph (Ideopsis vitrea), Celebes-banded Swallowtail (Papilio gigon), Australian Lurcher (Yoma sabina nimbus), Brown Pansy (Junonia hedonia), and Pale Blue Tit (Hypolycaena sipylus).

There were some other butterflies which I could not identify.

Papilio gigon

Birding Walk

We also watched some birds such as: Sulawesi Crow (Corvus celebensis), Sahul Sunbird (Cynniris frenatus), a juvenile Crimson Sunbird (Aethopyga siparaja), Pacific Swallow (Hirundo tahitica), Pale Blue Monarch (Hyphothymis puella), White-nest Swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus), Glossy Swiftlet (Collocalia esculenta), Sulawesi Hanging Parrot (Loriculus stigmatus), Barred Rail (Galliralus torquatus), Hair-crested (White-eyed) Drongo - (Dicrurus hottentottus leucops), Gray-sided Flowerpecker (Dicaeum celebicum), Yellow-sided Flowerpecker (Dicaeum aureolimbatum).

The trees and agricultural crops along the roadside are the habitat of Black-naped Oriole (Oriolus chinensis), Sulawesi Cuckoo-dove (Macropygia doreya albicapilla), Chestnut Munia, Scaly-breasted Munia, Sooty-headed Bulbul and etc.

Pacific Swallow

Sahul Sunbird

I brought my bridge camera, the Fujifilm HS50EXR. With this old photographic device, I could take some pictures of birds and butterflies.

Yellow-sided Flowerpecker

At around 13:30, heavy rain started to cover the butterfly watching site. We could not continue our activity and had to return to Sam Ratulangi Airport. There, I said Good Bye to Carolyn. She would fly to Singapore by Scoot Air and then continue her trip to back to the United States.

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BUTTERFLY WATCHING AND BIRDING TOUR IN SONDER TOWN OF MINAHASA HIGHLAND

The Subdistrict town of Sonder in Minahasa highland is a recommended destination for visitors who are interested in watching butterflies, and birds of Sulawesi especially those that live in higher elevation forest.

Manado Yellow Tiger (Parantica menadensis)

The farmland and forest around Sonder town is the habitat of a lot of species of butterflies and birds. If we walk around the agricultural land, we will be able to see such butterflies as Lime Swallowtail, Common Birdwing, Manado Yellow Tiger, Blanchard's Ghost, The Clipper, Celebes Leafwing, and a lot more. Butterflies like to gather in flowering plants to collect their nectar. Visitors could see a lot of flowering plants in Subdistrict Sonder.

Yellow-billed Malkoha (Rhamphococcyx calyorhynchus)

Yellow-billed Malkoha in the Tounelet slope forest of Sonder town

Birdwatching is another interesting activity which visitors can enjoy while exploring the farmland, rice paddy and forest of Sonder town. A lot of birds could be watched using binoculars and spotting scope. Some of them are listed below.

Crimson Sunbird

Black-crowned White-eye
Warbling White-eye (also called Japanese White-eye)
Hair-crested Drongo
Sulawesi Drongo
Sulawesi Pygmy Woodpecker,
Sulawesi Hanging Parrot
Pygmy Hanging Parrot
Sulawesi Crow
Sulawesi Blue Flycatcher
Sulawesi Myzomela
Crimson-crowned Flowerpecker
Yellow-sided Flowerpecker
Gray-sided Flowerpecker
Green Imperial Pigeon
Sulawesi Cuckoo-dove
Gray-cheeked Green Pigeon
Zebra Dove
Sooty-headed Bulbul
Scaly-breasted Munia
Chestnut Munia
Black-faced Munia
Little Egret
Cattle Egret
Cinnamon Bittern
Buff-banded Rail
Barred Rail
Isabelline Bush-hen
White-breasted Woodswallow
Sulawesi Myna
Finch-billed Myna
Sahul Sunbird
Black Sunbird
Brown-throated Sunbird
Crimson Sumbird
Sulawesi Scops Owl
Yellow-billed Malkoha
Black-naped Oriole
and etc.

Sulawesi Pygmy Woodpecker (Yungipicus temmincki)

Sulawesi Pygmy Woodpecker in Tounelet Slope Forest of Sonder town

Where is Sonder? And How to go there?

Sonder is a small subdistrict town in Minahasa regency of Indonesia.

To reach it, visitors need to fly from their own countries to one of the major cities in Indonesia such as Jakarta, Denpasar, Surabaya, Makassar, Balikpapan, Sorong and Ternate. After that they could continue their trip to Manado city by taking a domestic flight served by Garuda Indonesia, Lion Air, SuperAirjet, TransNusa, Wings Air. It takes around 1 hour by car from the Sam Ratulangi International airport of Manado city to Sonder town.
Visitors could also take a direct flight from Singapore to Manado city by Scoot Air.
There are direct flights between Guangzhou in China and Manado city served by TransNusa and China Southern Airlines.

Flight routes between Manado city and some major cities in Indonesia

birding and butterfly watching sites in Manado city, Sonder, Tomohon and Tangkoko National Park

Car route from Manado city to Tomohon town and Sonder town and from Manado city to Tangkoko Nature Reserve

If you are interested in taking a butterfly watching and birding tour both in the suburb of Manado city and in Sonder town of Minahasa highland, please, contact us by email to: peace4wp@gmail.com or by whatsapp to: +6281332245180.

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Saturday, July 5, 2025

Birds in Sonder of North Sulawesi Province of Indonesia

Sonder town in Minahasa highland has increasingly become another destination for visitors who are interested in hiking, watching birds of Sulawesi and sightseeing. Birds that could be watched include:

Crimson-crowned Flowerpecker (Dicaeum nehrkorni)
Sulawesi Myzomela (Myzomela chloroptera)
Crimson Sunbird (Aethopyga siparaja)
Sulawesi Blue Flycatcher (Cyornis omissus)
Snowy-browed Flycatcher (Ficedula hyperythra)
Sulawesi Pygmy Woodpecker (Dendrocopos temmincki)
Citrine Canary- Flycatcher (Culicicapa helianthea)
Japanese White-eye (also called: Warbling White-eye)
Sulawesi Bush Warbler
Sulawesi Drongo
Black-faced Munia
Black Kite
Lesser Fish Eagle
Sulawesi Goshawk
and etc.

Sulawesi Scops Owl in Subdistrict Sonder

During the birding tour in Sonder, we will also do night walk to look for nocturnal bird such as Sulawesi Scops Owl, Speckled Boobook.

Birds that live in lower montane forest of Sulawesi could also be seen in Sonder. The slope of Tounelet behind Siloam Hospital is still covered by a small forest. It is the natural habitat of such birds as:

Gray-cheeked Green Pigeon
Black-naped Oriole
Sulawesi Cuckoo-dove
Zebra Dove
Hair-crested Drongo (white-eyed)
Gray-sided Flowerpecker
Yellow-sided Flowerpecker
Yellow-billed Malkoha
Pale Blue Monarch
Sahul Sunbird.

Crimson Sunbird

The outskirts of Sonder town is mostly covered by farm forest that is the habitat of

Finch-billed Myna
White-breasted Woodswallow
Collared Kingfisher
Black-billed Koel
Sulawesi Cicadabird
Green Imperial Pigeon
Brown-throated Sunbird
Ashy Woodpecker
Sulawesi Crow
Sulawesi Myna, and etc.

Barred Rail

In paddy field areas of Sonder, we could see:

Barred Rail
Buff-banded Rail
Scaly-breasted Munia
Chestnut Munia
Isabelline Bush-hen
White-browed Crake
Cinnamon Bittern
and etc.

Yellow-billed Malkoha in Tounelet Slope Forest of Sonder Town
Birding Equipment

To watch birds, visitors need to bring a good pair of 8×42 mm, 10×42 mm or 10 × 50 mm binoculars. Famous brands such as Nikon Monarch, Swarovski, Leica are highly recommended. As a guide, I also bring a spotting scope for everyone to share the image of birds that sit on a branch of a distant tree.

Sulawesi Hanging Parrot

Where is Sonder?

Sonder is a small subdistrict town in Minahasa regency of North Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. The capital of the province is Manado city. It is surrounded by hills, rivers and valleys. Visitors who want to visit Sonder town can go by car from Manado city for 1 hour.

Subdistrict town of Sonder in North Sulawesi

Sonder town

Flight routes from Singapore, Jakarta, Surabaya, Denpasar, Makassar and Sorong to Manado city

Flight routes to Manado city

Car routes from Manado city to Tomohon, and Sonder

Car route from Manado city to Tomohon and Sonder in Minahasa highland

Extending Your Birding Tour

This birding trip in Subdistrict Sonder of Minahasa highland can be extended to longer trips to other birding sites in the same region of North Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. The tour plan for the extended tour is described in the following itinerary:

Birding in North Sulawesi

Day 1

Arriving in Manado city. Lake Linow of Lahendong village.

Day 2

Birding in Mount Mahawu, and Sonder's Farm Forest.

Day 3

Birding in Mount Mahawu, Tincep's waterfall and rice field.

Day 4

Transfer to Tangkoko Nature Reserve. Birding in Temboan Hill

Day 5

Birding inside Tangkoko forest

Day 6

Birding in Naun River

Day 7

Birding in Temboan, transfer to Manado, check into hotel. Birding at the outskirts of Manado city.

Day 8

Transfer to airport.

How to get there?

Forign visitors need to fly from their country to Singapore. There are regular flight service from Scoot Air between Singapore and Manado city. There are also flights between Guangzhou of China and Manado city of Indonesia.

For foreign visitors who fly to Jakarta or Denpasar of Bali, they could take domestic flights provided by such airlines in Indonesia as Garuda, Batik, SuperAirjet, Citilink and Sriwijaya Air.

Gray-cheeked Green Pigeon

Where to stay?

There are basic homestays in Sonder town. Visitors who look for more comfortable rooms can stay in hotels in Tomohon town which visitors can choose to stay.

accommodation for birdwatchers in Tomohon such as Jhoanie hotel, Tulip Inn

The birding tour in Sonder can be combined with avifauna tour in Mount Mahawu, Lake Linow and Tangkoko National Park. The duration of this tour is approximately 1 week.

Booking

If you are interested in taking a birding tour in Sonder and other parts of Minahasa Peninsula and want us to organize your trip, please, contact us by email to: peace4wp@gmail.com or by whatsapp to: +6281332245180.

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Sunday, June 29, 2025

Japanese White-eye in North Sulawesi

Here is the picture of Japanese White Eye bird that I saw in Minahasa highland of North Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. It is only a small but beautiful bird.

The Japanese White-eye, also known by its scientific name Zosterops japonicus, is a small bird native to East Asia. It has a greenish upper body, a yellow throat and chest, and a distinctive white ring around its eyes. This white eye-ring gives the bird its name. The species is also commonly called the Mejiro in Japan.

Japanese White-eye (Zosterops japonicus)

Japanese White-eye (now called Warbling White-eye)

Japanese White-eyes are small and agile. They typically measure around 10 to 12 centimeters in length. Their diet includes insects, nectar, and various fruits. They use their sharp beaks to feed on soft fruits and to catch small insects. These birds are active and often move quickly through trees and bushes in search of food.

The Japanese White-eye is known for its pleasant and soft calls. It is a social bird that often forms small flocks, especially outside of the breeding season. During breeding, pairs build small cup-shaped nests in trees or shrubs. The female usually lays two to five eggs. Both parents help in feeding the chicks after they hatch.

These birds are adaptable and can live in various habitats. They are found in forests, gardens, and even urban parks. Because of their attractive appearance and singing, they have sometimes been kept as pets in the past.

A Japanese White-eye at the crater of Mount Mahawu

Warbling White-eye

The Japanese White-eye has been introduced to other parts of the world, including Hawaii and some Pacific islands. In some areas, it has become invasive and may compete with native birds for food and nesting space.

In its native range, the Japanese White-eye plays a role in pollination and seed dispersal, especially in forest ecosystems. It is considered a species of least concern in terms of conservation status. However, changes in habitat and competition with other species can still affect local populations.

If you are interested in watching and photographing Japanese White-eye bird in Minahasa highland as well as a lot of other species of tropical birds of Sulawesi island, please, contact me (Charles Roring) by email to: peace4wp@gmail.com or by whatsapp to: +6281332245180.

Friday, June 27, 2025

The Sulawesi-crested Myna: A Charismatic Bird of Indonesia’s Celebes Island

The Sulawesi-crested Myna (Basilornis celebensis) is a striking and charismatic bird species endemic to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. With its glossy black plumage, bright yellow facial skin, and a prominent crest of feathers atop its head, this bird is both beautiful and unmistakable in appearance. Known for its intelligence, loud calls, and adaptability, the Sulawesi-crested Myna is an important part of the island’s unique biodiversity.

Sulawesi-crested Myna

Habitat and Distribution

This species is found across northern, central, and eastern parts of Sulawesi, as well as on some nearby smaller islands. It prefers lowland and hill forests but is also seen in secondary growth, plantations, and sometimes near human settlements. Its ability to live in disturbed habitats shows a level of resilience, although deforestation still poses a threat to its long-term survival.

Physical Characteristics

The Sulawesi-crested Myna measures about 25–28 centimeters in length. Its jet-black feathers have a metallic sheen, especially in sunlight, and its most distinctive feature is the crest – a stylish bunch of feathers that gives the bird a regal appearance. The bird’s bare yellow-orange facial skin and pale blue eyes add to its striking look. Both males and females appear similar in plumage.

Behavior and Diet

These mynas are social birds, often seen in small groups. They are omnivorous and feed on fruits, insects, and small animals. Their strong beak helps them forage efficiently in various environments. Like other members of the starling family, Sulawesi-crested Mynas are excellent mimics and vocal communicators, with a wide range of calls, whistles, and chatter.

Conservation Status

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Sulawesi-crested Myna is currently listed as a species of "Least Concern." However, habitat loss due to logging, agriculture, and development continues to impact forest ecosystems across Sulawesi. Conservation efforts that protect native forests will benefit this species and countless others that share its habitat.

European tourists birdwatching in Sonder of Minahasa highland

Birdwatching and photography tour in Sonder farm forest of Minahasa highland

Ecotourism, Birdwatching and Photography Tour

For birdwatchers and nature lovers, Sulawesi offers incredible opportunities to see endemic species like the Sulawesi-crested Myna. Destinations such as Tangkoko Nature Reserve, Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, and Lore Lindu National Park, Mount Mahawu, Sonder's Farm Forest are among the best places to observe endemic birds of Sulawesi in the wild.

Sulawesi Hornbill, Purple-winged Roller, Sulawesi Hanging Parrot, Knobbed Hornbill

Some birds in Minahasa Peninsula of North Sulawesi

Conclusion

The Sulawesi-crested Myna is more than just a beautiful bird—it is a symbol of the rich natural heritage of Sulawesi. With its unique appearance and engaging behavior, it captures the attention of all who encounter it. Protecting the forests of Sulawesi is key to ensuring this fascinating bird continues to thrive for generations to come.

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Tuesday, June 24, 2025

Sulawesi Pitta (Erythropitta celebensis)

Jewel of Sulawesi’s Forest Floor

The Sulawesi Pitta (Erythropitta celebensis) is a vibrant and elusive bird species endemic to the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Belonging to the family Pittidae, it is renowned for its striking plumage, secretive behavior, and ecological importance in tropical rainforest habitats.

Sulawesi Pitta

Physical Description

The Sulawesi Pitta is a small, stout-bodied bird measuring about 17 to 19 centimeters in length. It displays a breathtaking mix of colors: a deep crimson belly and vent, contrasting with a dark blue to purplish breast and flanks. The upperparts are typically greenish with a darker crown and nape, while a thin, pale supercilium (eyebrow line) adds to its distinguished appearance. Its legs are pinkish, and the beak is relatively short and strong—ideal for digging through leaf litter.

Habitat and Distribution

This pitta is endemic to Sulawesi, meaning it is found nowhere else on Earth. It inhabits lowland and lower montane forests, usually up to 1,200 meters above sea level. The bird prefers dense, humid environments with thick undergrowth, where it can forage discreetly. It is most often found in primary and mature secondary forests, although it can sometimes adapt to degraded habitats with sufficient ground cover.

Behavior and Ecology

Like most pittas, the Sulawesi Pitta is terrestrial and shy, often staying close to the forest floor. It forages by hopping quietly through the undergrowth, feeding on insects, earthworms, snails, and other invertebrates. Its cryptic behavior and preference for shadowy forest interiors make it difficult to observe.

This species is primarily solitary or found in pairs, and its call—a sharp, high-pitched whistle—is often the only sign of its presence. Breeding biology remains poorly documented, but, like other pittas, it likely nests in a dome-shaped structure on or near the ground, laying a small clutch of eggs.

Conservation Status

According to the IUCN Red List, the Sulawesi Pitta is currently classified as Least Concern (LC). However, its population is thought to be decreasing due to ongoing deforestation and habitat fragmentation on Sulawesi. The bird’s dependence on intact forest ecosystems makes it vulnerable to logging, agricultural expansion, and infrastructure development.

Importance and Observation

The Sulawesi Pitta is one of the many unique birds that make Sulawesi a biodiversity hotspot. It is particularly attractive to birdwatchers and ecotourists, contributing to local ecotourism industries in protected areas such as Lore Lindu National Park and Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park.

Conclusion

The Sulawesi Pitta stands as a symbol of Sulawesi’s rich and irreplaceable natural heritage. While not yet endangered, its future depends on effective forest conservation and sustainable land use practices. Protecting its habitat will not only safeguard this jewel-toned bird but also countless other species sharing its forest home.

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Sunday, June 22, 2025

Sulawesi Bear Cuscus

Sulawesi Bear Cuscus: A Rare and Mysterious Marsupial of Indonesia

The Sulawesi Bear Cuscus (Ailurops ursinus) is a unique and little-known marsupial endemic to the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia. As a member of the Phalangeridae family, it is part of the possum group, although its appearance and behavior are quite distinct. Named for its thick fur and somewhat bear-like appearance, the Sulawesi Bear Cuscus is an important species in the region's tropical forest ecosystem.

Sulawesi Bear Cuscus

Physical Characteristics

The Sulawesi Bear Cuscus has a robust body covered in thick, dark brown or greyish fur that helps protect it from the humid, wet environment of the rainforest. Adults typically weigh between 5 and 7 kilograms and have strong limbs with sharp claws adapted for climbing. Its prehensile tail acts as a fifth limb, giving it excellent balance and grip as it moves among the trees.
Despite being called a "bear" cuscus, it is not related to bears. The name comes from its sturdy build and slow, deliberate movements which are reminiscent of a bear.
Habitat and Range
This marsupial is found in the lowland and montane rainforests of Sulawesi and some nearby smaller islands such as Buton and Muna. It is strictly arboreal, meaning it lives almost exclusively in trees. The dense canopy of the tropical rainforest provides food, shelter, and protection from predators.
Behavior and Diet
The Sulawesi Bear Cuscus is a diurnal and folivorous animal, meaning it is active during the day and primarily feeds on leaves, though it may also eat fruits and flowers. It spends most of its time foraging slowly among the branches.
Known for being solitary and shy, this species is not often seen by humans. When threatened, it can emit a strong musky odor as a defense mechanism.

Sulawesi Bear Cuscus

Reproduction
Very little is known about the reproductive habits of the Sulawesi Bear Cuscus due to its elusive nature. Like other marsupials, females possess a pouch where the young continue to develop after birth. Usually, only one offspring is born at a time.
Conservation Status
The Sulawesi Bear Cuscus is currently listed as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Major threats to its survival include:
Deforestation for agriculture, logging, and mining.
Hunting and poaching, sometimes for the pet trade or traditional medicine.
Habitat fragmentation, which limits its range and reduces genetic diversity.
Conservation efforts are needed to protect the remaining forest habitats and educate local communities about the ecological role of this species.
Ecological Importance
As a folivore, the Sulawesi Bear Cuscus plays a role in regulating plant growth and dispersing seeds. It is part of the intricate food web of Sulawesi’s unique biodiversity, which includes other endemic species like the anoa, babirusa, and maleo bird.
Final Thoughts
The Sulawesi Bear Cuscus is a symbol of Sulawesi’s extraordinary and often overlooked biodiversity. As development and deforestation continue to threaten its habitat, increased research, conservation initiatives, and ecotourism awareness are essential to ensure this rare marsupial remains part of Indonesia’s natural heritage.

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Sulawesi Myzomela

The Sulawesi Myzomela: A Hidden Gem of Indonesia’s Avian Biodiversity

Sulawesi Myzomela was feeding on nectar of flowers

The Sulawesi Myzomela (Myzomela chloroptera) is a striking yet little-known bird species endemic to the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia. Belonging to the Meliphagidae family, commonly known as honeyeaters, this small bird plays a vital ecological role in the island's unique habitats. Its vibrant appearance and specialized feeding habits make it a fascinating subject for ornithologists and birdwatchers alike.

Sulawesi Myzomela in Sonder's Farm Road

Appearance and Identification

The Sulawesi Myzomela is a small, agile bird with a body length of approximately 11–13 cm. The male is typically more vividly colored, with bright crimson or scarlet plumage on the head and chest, contrasting with its darker wings and back. The female is usually duller, with more subdued red or reddish-olive tones. Both sexes have slightly decurved, slender bills—adaptations suited for nectar feeding.

Its energetic behavior, fast flight, and preference for the upper canopy often make it a challenge to spot, but its sharp, high-pitched calls can give away its presence in the forest.

A female Sulawesi Myzomela

Habitat and Distribution

As an endemic species, the Sulawesi Myzomela is found only on Sulawesi Island, part of Indonesia's Wallacea region. It inhabits a range of forest types, including:

Primary and secondary tropical moist lowland forests

Montane forests

Forest edges and degraded areas - This adaptability allows the species to persist even in habitats impacted by human activity, though it remains dependent on areas with sufficient flowering plants for nectar.

Diet and Behavior

True to its honeyeater family, the Sulawesi Myzomela primarily feeds on nectar, using its specialized tongue and curved bill to extract it from flowers. However, it also supplements its diet with insects and spiders, especially during breeding when protein needs are higher.

The bird is often observed flitting quickly between flowering trees, exhibiting territorial behavior by chasing away other nectar-feeding species. It plays an important role as a pollinator, contributing to the reproductive success of numerous native plants.

Breeding

Relatively little is known about the breeding behavior of the Sulawesi Myzomela, but like other honeyeaters, it likely builds cup-shaped nests in shrubs or trees. The female is responsible for incubating the eggs and may raise one or two chicks per season. More field research is needed to fully understand its reproductive biology.

Conservation Status

As of the latest IUCN Red List assessment, the Sulawesi Myzomela is classified as Least Concern (LC). This is due to its relatively wide distribution across Sulawesi and its presence in various habitat types. However, ongoing threats such as deforestation, logging, and habitat conversion for agriculture and development pose long-term risks.

Efforts to conserve the biodiversity of Sulawesi—including protected areas and community-based forest management—are crucial to ensuring the survival of this and many other endemic species.

Conclusion

The Sulawesi Myzomela is more than just a beautiful bird—it is a symbol of Sulawesi’s unique ecology and a reminder of the delicate balance within tropical ecosystems. Whether seen darting through the forest canopy or heard singing from afar, this vibrant honeyeater deserves more attention from scientists and conservationists alike.

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Saturday, June 14, 2025

The Sulawesi Blue Flycatcher (Cyornis omissus)

Overview

The Sulawesi Blue Flycatcher (Cyornis omissus) is a vibrant passerine bird endemic to the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia. Belonging to the family Muscicapidae, this species is admired for its striking plumage and distinct, melodious call,bmaking it a cherished subject among birdwatchers and ornithologists.

Sulawesi Blue Flycatcher in the farm forest of Sonder in Minahasa highland of Indonesia

Identification

The Sulawesi Blue Flycatcher is relatively small, typically measuring between 13–15 cm in length. It is instantly recognizable by:

Bright cobalt-blue upperparts: Including the head, wings, and tail.

Rich orange throat and chest: This bold coloring transitions into a pale, creamy yellow belly.

Glossy black beak and eyes: Which contrast vividly with its colorful plumage.

Sexual dimorphism: Males are more vividly colored than females, which are generally duller and may show more brownish tones.

This combination of colors makes the bird visually striking, especially against the lush green backdrop of its forest habitat.

Sulawesi Blue Flycatcher

Habitat and Range

This species is endemic to Sulawesi, an island known for its unique biodiversity. The Sulawesi Blue Flycatcher inhabits:

Highland and Montane forests
Dense undergrowth and forest edges
Altitudes from sea level to about 2,000 meters
It relies heavily on well-preserved forests, although it may also be spotted in secondary forests or plantations with sufficient tree cover.

Behavior and Diet

The Sulawesi Blue Flycatcher is an insectivorous bird, typically foraging alone or in pairs. It employs a typical flycatcher strategy:

Sallying from perches to snatch flying insects
Occasionally gleaning insects from foliage
Its diet consists of flies, beetles, ants, and small arthropods
It is often seen flitting through the lower to mid-levels of the forest, perching upright with quick, flicking tail movements.

Breeding

Little is known about the detailed breeding behavior of Cyornis omissus, but like other flycatchers:

It likely nests in tree cavities, crevices, or dense foliage.
The female is believed to be responsible for nest construction and incubation.
Breeding season timing is thought to coincide with the region’s rainy season, when insect prey is abundant.

Conservation Status

As of now, the Sulawesi Blue Flycatcher is listed as Least Concern by the IUCN Red List, but this status requires vigilance. Primary threats include:

Deforestation for agriculture, logging, and mining
Habitat fragmentation which isolates populations
Lack of ecological data which limits effective conservation measures

Continued habitat monitoring and preservation of Sulawesi’s forests are critical to this species’ future.

Significance

The Sulawesi Blue Flycatcher is not only a beautiful and captivating bird but also an important part of Sulawesi’s unique avifauna. Its presence is an indicator of healthy forest ecosystems. Protecting it ensures the preservation of an entire web of life on this remarkable Indonesian island.

References:

BirdLife International
Handbook of the Birds of the World
Local Indonesian conservation data

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